Which of the following is an effect of temperature stress on plants?

Temperature stress significantly impacts plants in various ways, and the correct option encompasses all potential effects listed. Root injury can occur when soil temperatures become too high or too low, leading to poor nutrient and water uptake. Additionally, flower bud blasting is a common phenomenon under temperature stress, particularly when unseasonably warm temperatures occur during the flowering period, causing buds to drop before they can bloom. Ice damage is also a critical concern, particularly during late frosts after a warm spell, where sudden temperature drops can cause ice to form on plant tissues, leading to cell damage and plant death.

Each of these effects illustrates how temperature extremes can harm plants, which is why selecting the option that combines all these possibilities provides a comprehensive understanding of temperature stress impacts on plants.